💍 Marriage and Spouses
The Quran speaks of spouses as one of the signs of God. He created for people spouses from among themselves so that they might find tranquility in them, and placed between them affection and mercy. A verse about the nights of the fast calls wives and husbands a garment for one another, and another says that God made from a single soul its mate so that he might find rest with her.
Verses on marriage also give concrete guidance. They tell the community to marry off the unmarried and to give women their bridal gifts as a free gift, and they speak of marriage as a firm covenant. Husbands are told to live with their wives in kindness, and women are said to have rights similar to their obligations, according to what is fair. One verse permits up to four wives but says to marry only one if a man fears he will not be fair; another says that perfect fairness between wives is not possible.
The Quran also addresses conflict between spouses. It advises appointing an arbiter from each family, says that settlement is best, and asks that a wife be kept on in fairness or released with kindness. The verses below are grouped by these themes, and rulings are given only as far as the verses state them.
(紹介文は英語です)
Spouses as Tranquility
- 30:21
Spouses were created for tranquility, with affection and mercy placed between them.
وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا لِتَسْكُنُوا إِلَيْهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَوَدَّةً وَرَحْمَةً ۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ
와민 아야티히 안 칼라까 라쿰 민 안f푸시쿰 아즈와잘 리타스쿠누 일라이하 와자알라 바이나쿰 마왓다탄 와r라흐마탄 인나 f피 ð달리카 라아야틸 리까우민 야타f팍카r룬
Among His signs is that He created for you, from among yourselves, spouses so that you may find tranquility in them, and He placed between you affection and mercy. In that are surely signs for people who reflect.
- 2:187
Wives and husbands are described as a garment for one another.
أُحِلَّ لَكُمْ لَيْلَةَ الصِّيَامِ الرَّفَثُ إِلَىٰ نِسَائِكُمْ ۚ هُنَّ لِبَاسٌ لَكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ لِبَاسٌ لَهُنَّ ۗ عَلِمَ اللَّهُ أَنَّكُمْ كُنْتُمْ تَخْتَانُونَ أَنْفُسَكُمْ فَتَابَ عَلَيْكُمْ وَعَفَا عَنْكُمْ ۖ فَالْآنَ بَاشِرُوهُنَّ وَابْتَغُوا مَا كَتَبَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ ۚ وَكُلُوا وَاشْرَبُوا حَتَّىٰ يَتَبَيَّنَ لَكُمُ الْخَيْطُ الْأَبْيَضُ مِنَ الْخَيْطِ الْأَسْوَدِ مِنَ الْفَجْرِ ۖ ثُمَّ أَتِمُّوا الصِّيَامَ إِلَى اللَّيْلِ ۚ وَلَا تُبَاشِرُوهُنَّ وَأَنْتُمْ عَاكِفُونَ فِي الْمَسَاجِدِ ۗ تِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ فَلَا تَقْرَبُوهَا ۗ كَذَٰلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ آيَاتِهِ لِلنَّاسِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَّقُونَ
우힐라 라쿰 라일라탓 시야미 르r라f파θ수 일라 니사이쿰 훈나 리바술 라쿰 와안툼 리바술 라훈나 알리말 라후 안나쿰 쿤툼 타흐타누나 안f푸사쿰 f파타바 알라이쿰 와아f파 안쿰 f팔아나 바시r루훈나 와브타구 마 카타발 라후 라쿰 와쿨루 와시r라부 핫타 야타바이야나 라쿠물 카이뚤 아브야두 미날 카이띨 아스와디 미날 f파즈r리 θ숨마 아팀뭇 시야마 일랄 라일리 왈라 투바시r루훈나 와안툼 아키f푸나 f필 마사지디 틸카 후두둘 라히 f팔라 타끄r라부하 카ð달리카 유바이눌 라후 아야티히 린나시 라알라훔 얏타꾼
It is made lawful for you to go in to your wives on the night of the fast. They are a garment for you, and you are a garment for them. God knows that you used to deceive yourselves, so He turned to you in forgiveness and pardoned you. So now you may lie with them and seek what God has ordained for you. Eat and drink until the white thread of dawn becomes distinct to you from the black thread, then complete the fast until nightfall. But do not lie with them while you are staying in devotion in the mosques. These are the limits set by God, so do not come near them. Thus God makes His signs clear to people, so that they may be mindful [of Him].
- 7:189
God made from a single soul its mate, so he might find rest with her.
هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ مِنْ نَفْسٍ وَاحِدَةٍ وَجَعَلَ مِنْهَا زَوْجَهَا لِيَسْكُنَ إِلَيْهَا ۖ فَلَمَّا تَغَشَّاهَا حَمَلَتْ حَمْلًا خَفِيفًا فَمَرَّتْ بِهِ ۖ فَلَمَّا أَثْقَلَتْ دَعَوَا اللَّهَ رَبَّهُمَا لَئِنْ آتَيْتَنَا صَالِحًا لَنَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الشَّاكِرِينَ
후왈 라ð디 칼라까쿰 민 나f프신 와히다틴 와자알라 민하 자우자하 리야스쿠나 일라이하 f팔람마 타갓샤하 하말라트 함란 카f피f판 f파마르r라트 비히 f팔람마 아θ스깔라트 다아왈 라하 r랍바후마 라인 아타이타나 살리할 라나쿠난나 미낫 샤키r린
It is He who created you from a single soul and made from it its mate, so that he might find rest with her. When he covered her, she bore a light burden and went about with it. When it grew heavy, they both called on God, their Lord, “If You give us a sound [child], we will surely be among the grateful.”
- 16:72
Spouses, and children and grandchildren from them, are counted among God’s favours.
وَاللَّهُ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا وَجَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَزْوَاجِكُمْ بَنِينَ وَحَفَدَةً وَرَزَقَكُمْ مِنَ الطَّيِّبَاتِ ۚ أَفَبِالْبَاطِلِ يُؤْمِنُونَ وَبِنِعْمَتِ اللَّهِ هُمْ يَكْفُرُونَ
왈라후 자알라 라쿰 민 안f푸시쿰 아즈와잔 와자알라 라쿰 민 아즈와지쿰 바니나 와하f파다탄 와r라자까쿰 미낫 따이바티 아f파빌바띨리 유으미누나 와비니으마틸 라히 훔 약f푸r룬
God has made for you spouses from among yourselves, and has made for you from your spouses children and grandchildren, and has provided you with good things. Do they then believe in falsehood and deny God's favour?
Marriage and the Bridal Gift
- 24:32
Marry off the unmarried; if they are poor, God will enrich them.
وَأَنْكِحُوا الْأَيَامَىٰ مِنْكُمْ وَالصَّالِحِينَ مِنْ عِبَادِكُمْ وَإِمَائِكُمْ ۚ إِنْ يَكُونُوا فُقَرَاءَ يُغْنِهِمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ ۗ وَاللَّهُ وَاسِعٌ عَلِيمٌ
와안키훌 아야마 민쿰 왓살리히나 민 이바디쿰 와이마이쿰 인 야쿠누 f푸까r라아 유그니히물 라후 민 f파들리히 왈라후 와시운 알림
Marry off the unmarried among you, and the righteous among your male and female slaves. If they are poor, God will enrich them from His bounty. God is All-Encompassing, All-Knowing.
- 4:4
Give women their bridal gifts as a free gift.
وَآتُوا النِّسَاءَ صَدُقَاتِهِنَّ نِحْلَةً ۚ فَإِنْ طِبْنَ لَكُمْ عَنْ شَيْءٍ مِنْهُ نَفْسًا فَكُلُوهُ هَنِيئًا مَرِيئًا
와아툰 니사아 사두까티힌나 니흘라탄 f파인 띠브나 라쿰 안 샤이임 민후 나f프산 f파쿨루후 하니암 마r리아
Give women their bridal gifts as a free gift. But if they are pleased to give up some of it to you of their own accord, then enjoy it with pleasure and ease.
- 4:21
Spouses have been intimate, and wives have taken a firm covenant from their husbands.
وَكَيْفَ تَأْخُذُونَهُ وَقَدْ أَفْضَىٰ بَعْضُكُمْ إِلَىٰ بَعْضٍ وَأَخَذْنَ مِنْكُمْ مِيثَاقًا غَلِيظًا
와카이f파 타으쿠ð두나후 와까드 아f프다 바으두쿰 일라 바으딘 와아카ð드나 민쿰 미θ사깐 갈리ð다
And how could you take it, when you have been intimate with one another and they have taken from you a firm covenant?
- 2:221
Do not marry idolaters until they believe.
وَلَا تَنْكِحُوا الْمُشْرِكَاتِ حَتَّىٰ يُؤْمِنَّ ۚ وَلَأَمَةٌ مُؤْمِنَةٌ خَيْرٌ مِنْ مُشْرِكَةٍ وَلَوْ أَعْجَبَتْكُمْ ۗ وَلَا تُنْكِحُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَتَّىٰ يُؤْمِنُوا ۚ وَلَعَبْدٌ مُؤْمِنٌ خَيْرٌ مِنْ مُشْرِكٍ وَلَوْ أَعْجَبَكُمْ ۗ أُولَٰئِكَ يَدْعُونَ إِلَى النَّارِ ۖ وَاللَّهُ يَدْعُو إِلَى الْجَنَّةِ وَالْمَغْفِرَةِ بِإِذْنِهِ ۖ وَيُبَيِّنُ آيَاتِهِ لِلنَّاسِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَذَكَّرُونَ
왈라 탄키훌 무시r리카티 핫타 유으민나 왈라아마툼 무으미나툰 카이r룸 밈 무시r리카틴 왈라우 아으자바트쿰 왈라 툰키훌 무시r리키나 핫타 유으미누 왈라압둠 무으미눈 카이r룸 밈 무시r리킨 왈라우 아으자바쿰 울라이카 야드우나 일란 나r리 왈라후 야드우 일랄 잔나티 왈마그f피r라티 비이ð드니히 와유바이누 아야티히 린나시 라알라훔 야타ð닥카r룬
Do not marry idolatrous women until they believe. A believing slave woman is better than an idolatrous woman, even if she pleases you. And do not marry [your women] to idolatrous men until they believe. A believing slave is better than an idolatrous man, even if he pleases you. Those [idolaters] invite to the Fire, while God invites to the Garden and to forgiveness by His permission, and He makes His signs clear to people, so that they may take heed.
- 4:3
Up to four wives are permitted, but only one if one fears being unfair.
وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا تُقْسِطُوا فِي الْيَتَامَىٰ فَانْكِحُوا مَا طَابَ لَكُمْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ مَثْنَىٰ وَثُلَاثَ وَرُبَاعَ ۖ فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا تَعْدِلُوا فَوَاحِدَةً أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُمْ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ أَدْنَىٰ أَلَّا تَعُولُوا
와인 키f프툼 알라 툭시뚜 f필 야타마 f판키후 마 따바 라쿰 미난 니사이 마θ스나 와θ술라θ사 와r루바아 f파인 키f프툼 알라 타으딜루 f파와히다탄 아우 마 말라카트 아이마누쿰 ð달리카 아드나 알라 타울루
If you fear that you will not deal justly with the orphans, then marry such women as seem good to you, two, three or four. But if you fear that you will not be fair [among them], then [marry only] one, or those whom your right hands possess. That is more likely to keep you from injustice.
Kindness and Mutual Rights
- 4:19
Live with wives in kindness; what you dislike may hold much good.
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَرِثُوا النِّسَاءَ كَرْهًا ۖ وَلَا تَعْضُلُوهُنَّ لِتَذْهَبُوا بِبَعْضِ مَا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ إِلَّا أَنْ يَأْتِينَ بِفَاحِشَةٍ مُبَيِّنَةٍ ۚ وَعَاشِرُوهُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۚ فَإِنْ كَرِهْتُمُوهُنَّ فَعَسَىٰ أَنْ تَكْرَهُوا شَيْئًا وَيَجْعَلَ اللَّهُ فِيهِ خَيْرًا كَثِيرًا
야 아이유할 라ð디나 아마누 라 야힐루 라쿰 안 타r리θ순 니사아 카r르한 왈라 타으둘루훈나 리타ð드하부 비바으디 마 아타이투무훈나 일라 안 야으티나 비f파히샤팀 무바이나틴 와아시r루훈나 빌마으r루f피 f파인 카r리흐투무훈나 f파아사 안 타크r라후 샤이안 와야즈알랄 라후 f피히 카이r란 카θ시r라
O you who believe, it is not lawful for you to inherit women against their will, nor to hold them back so as to take away part of what you have given them, unless they commit a flagrant indecency. Live with them in kindness. If you dislike them, it may be that you dislike something in which God has placed much good.
- 2:228
Women have rights similar to their obligations, by what is fair; men have a degree.
وَالْمُطَلَّقَاتُ يَتَرَبَّصْنَ بِأَنْفُسِهِنَّ ثَلَاثَةَ قُرُوءٍ ۚ وَلَا يَحِلُّ لَهُنَّ أَنْ يَكْتُمْنَ مَا خَلَقَ اللَّهُ فِي أَرْحَامِهِنَّ إِنْ كُنَّ يُؤْمِنَّ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ ۚ وَبُعُولَتُهُنَّ أَحَقُّ بِرَدِّهِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ إِنْ أَرَادُوا إِصْلَاحًا ۚ وَلَهُنَّ مِثْلُ الَّذِي عَلَيْهِنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۚ وَلِلرِّجَالِ عَلَيْهِنَّ دَرَجَةٌ ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ
왈무딸라까투 야타r랍바스나 비안f푸시힌나 θ살라θ사타 꾸r루인 왈라 야힐루 라훈나 안 약툼나 마 칼라깔 라후 f피 아r르하미힌나 인 쿤나 유으민나 빌라히 왈야우밀 아키r리 와부울라투훈나 아학꾸 비r랏디힌나 f피 ð달리카 인 아r라두 이슬라한 왈라훈나 미θ슬룰 라ð디 알라이힌나 빌마으r루f피 왈리르r리잘리 알라이힌나 다r라자툰 왈라후 아지준 하킴
Divorced women shall wait by themselves for three monthly cycles. It is not lawful for them to conceal what God has created in their wombs, if they believe in God and the Last Day. Their husbands have the better right to take them back during that time, if they desire reconciliation. And women have rights similar to the obligations upon them, according to what is fair, while men have a degree over them. And God is Almighty, All-Wise.
- 2:237
In matters of the dowry after divorce, do not forget generosity between you.
وَإِنْ طَلَّقْتُمُوهُنَّ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ تَمَسُّوهُنَّ وَقَدْ فَرَضْتُمْ لَهُنَّ فَرِيضَةً فَنِصْفُ مَا فَرَضْتُمْ إِلَّا أَنْ يَعْفُونَ أَوْ يَعْفُوَ الَّذِي بِيَدِهِ عُقْدَةُ النِّكَاحِ ۚ وَأَنْ تَعْفُوا أَقْرَبُ لِلتَّقْوَىٰ ۚ وَلَا تَنْسَوُا الْفَضْلَ بَيْنَكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ
와인 딸락투무훈나 민 까블리 안 타맛수훈나 와까드 f파r라드툼 라훈나 f파r리다탄 f파니스f푸 마 f파r라드툼 일라 안 야으f푸나 아우 야으f푸왈 라ð디 비야디히 욱다툰 니카히 와안 타으f푸 아끄r라부 릿타끄와 왈라 탄사울 f파들라 바이나쿰 인날 라하 비마 타으말루나 바시r르
If you divorce them before you have touched them but after you have appointed a dowry for them, then [give them] half of what you appointed, unless they forgo it or the one in whose hand is the marriage contract forgoes it. And to forgo is nearer to mindfulness of God. Do not forget generosity between you. Indeed, God sees what you do.
Conflict and Reconciliation
- 4:35
If a rift is feared, appoint an arbiter from each family to seek reconciliation.
وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ شِقَاقَ بَيْنِهِمَا فَابْعَثُوا حَكَمًا مِنْ أَهْلِهِ وَحَكَمًا مِنْ أَهْلِهَا إِنْ يُرِيدَا إِصْلَاحًا يُوَفِّقِ اللَّهُ بَيْنَهُمَا ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ عَلِيمًا خَبِيرًا
와인 키f프툼 시까까 바이니히마 f파브아θ수 하카맘 민 아흘리히 와하카맘 민 아흘리하 인 유r리다 이슬라한 유왑f피낄 라후 바이나후마 인날 라하 카나 알리만 카비r라
If you fear a rift between the two, appoint an arbiter from his family and an arbiter from hers. If they both desire reconciliation, God will bring about harmony between them. God is All-Knowing, All-Aware.
- 4:128
If a wife fears ill-treatment, a settlement between the two is best.
وَإِنِ امْرَأَةٌ خَافَتْ مِنْ بَعْلِهَا نُشُوزًا أَوْ إِعْرَاضًا فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا أَنْ يُصْلِحَا بَيْنَهُمَا صُلْحًا ۚ وَالصُّلْحُ خَيْرٌ ۗ وَأُحْضِرَتِ الْأَنْفُسُ الشُّحَّ ۚ وَإِنْ تُحْسِنُوا وَتَتَّقُوا فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرًا
와이님 r라아툰 카f파트 밈 바을리하 누슈잔 아우 이으r라단 f팔라 주나하 알라이히마 안 유슬리하 바이나후마 술한 왓술후 카이r룬 와우흐디r라틸 안f푸숫 슈하 와인 투흐시누 와탓타꾸 f파인날 라하 카나 비마 타으말루나 카비r라
If a woman fears ill-treatment or aversion from her husband, there is no blame on the two of them if they make peace between themselves by a settlement, and settlement is best. Souls are prone to greed. But if you do good and are mindful of God, God is ever aware of what you do.
- 4:129
Perfect fairness between wives is impossible, so do not leave one as if suspended.
وَلَنْ تَسْتَطِيعُوا أَنْ تَعْدِلُوا بَيْنَ النِّسَاءِ وَلَوْ حَرَصْتُمْ ۖ فَلَا تَمِيلُوا كُلَّ الْمَيْلِ فَتَذَرُوهَا كَالْمُعَلَّقَةِ ۚ وَإِنْ تُصْلِحُوا وَتَتَّقُوا فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ غَفُورًا رَحِيمًا
왈란 타스타띠우 안 타으딜루 바이난 니사이 왈라우 하r라스툼 f팔라 타밀루 쿨랄 마일리 f파타ð다r루하 칼무알라까티 와인 투슬리후 와탓타꾸 f파인날 라하 카나 가f푸r란 r라히마
You will never be able to be [perfectly] just between wives, however much you may wish it. So do not incline wholly [to one], leaving the other as if suspended. If you set things right and are mindful of God, God is Most Forgiving, Most Merciful.
- 2:229
Divorce is twice; then keep on in fairness or release with kindness.
الطَّلَاقُ مَرَّتَانِ ۖ فَإِمْسَاكٌ بِمَعْرُوفٍ أَوْ تَسْرِيحٌ بِإِحْسَانٍ ۗ وَلَا يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَأْخُذُوا مِمَّا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ شَيْئًا إِلَّا أَنْ يَخَافَا أَلَّا يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ ۖ فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا فِيمَا افْتَدَتْ بِهِ ۗ تِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ فَلَا تَعْتَدُوهَا ۚ وَمَنْ يَتَعَدَّ حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ
앗딸라꾸 마르r라타니 f파임사쿰 비마으r루f핀 아우 타스r리훔 비이흐사닌 왈라 야힐루 라쿰 안 타으쿠ð두 밈마 아타이투무훈나 샤이안 일라 안 야카f파 알라 유끼마 후두달 라히 f파인 키f프툼 알라 유끼마 후두달 라히 f팔라 주나하 알라이히마 f피마 f프타다트 비히 틸카 후두둘 라히 f팔라 타으타두하 와만 야타앗다 후두달 라히 f파울라이카 후뭇 ð달리문
Divorce is twice; then [the wife is] either kept on in fairness or released with kindness. It is not lawful for you to take back anything of what you have given them, unless both fear that they cannot keep within the limits set by God. If you fear that they cannot keep within God’s limits, there is no blame on either of them for what she gives up to free herself. These are the limits set by God, so do not overstep them. Whoever oversteps the limits set by God—it is they who are the wrongdoers.